On Tuesday, a day after the international attacks, France's foreign minister, Alain Juppé, said at a Parliament hearing that French negotiators were helping to broker Mr. Gbagbo's surrender, demanding that he sign a document formally recognizing Alassane Ouattara, the man who won the election, as the country's legitimate president.
The Romans refused the surrender, demanding as their further terms of surrender the complete destruction of the city and, seeing little to lose, the Carthaginians prepared to fight.
The speaker's office dismissed it as a surrender demand.
Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe's reply to a German surrender demand at Bastogne: "Nuts".
Tactical psychological warfare, on the other hand, implies a direct connection with combat operations, the commonest form being the surrender demand.
On July 16, an atomic bomb was successfully tested in the New Mexico desert, and when Japan ignored a surrender demand issued at the Potsdam Conference, Colonel Tibbets completed final preparations to drop a uranium bomb.
But after Japan ignored an unconditional surrender demand issued by the Allies in July 1945, the United States made plans for a strike on Hiroshima, a city of about 300,000 people.
In August, after the Imperial government refused surrender demands, Truman authorized the atomic bombing of Japan.
The Domei news agency had already predicted that the surrender demand "would be ignored".
The besiegers began an ineffectual attack on the fort around midnight which lasted until daybreak, at which point they delivered a final surrender demand.
