Never has the human animal been so surprised, error signs accumulating behind frozen eyes.
Every several days, with uncanny regularity, Mr. Bush has found himself dealing with surprises, errors or distractions, sometimes of his own making, that throw his campaign off course and threaten to blunt his efforts to regain some of the ground he seems to have lost to Mr. Gore.
The non-task-relevant dimension (expression) may lead to surprise (prediction error) responses.
Odd decisions and unusual plays dotted the game from both sides, so it was not a surprise that an error — a series of them, really — turned out to be the difference.
Central to traditional theories of associative learning is the role of surprise or prediction error (Mackintosh, 1975; Pearce & Hall, 1980; Rescorla & Wagner, 1972).
With the ankle heavily taped, the Frenchman returned to court, but it was no surprise when two errors immediately handed Murray the set.
So far, we have only considered the role of predictive coding in perception through minimising surprise or prediction errors.
This means that minimising free energy through active inference implicitly minimises surprise (or prediction errors), which is the same as maximising Bayesian model evidence.
In other words, the learning-induced changes in A1 → V1 connection strength reflected the same pattern of surprise or prediction errors as the regional activity in V1.
Somewhat to our surprise, even with an error rate of 0.01 errors per base, recovery of branch lengths with a correct declared error was only a little worse than the associated no-error case.
