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A large number of rural surplus labors have transferred to non-agricultural industries.
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The old ways of reducing surplus labor are, however, disappearing.
Meanwhile, new ways of increasing surplus labor have appeared.
The existence of this surplus labor, in turn, has two effects.
Second, competition from this reserve army of surplus labor keeps wages low even as the economy grows richer.
China has pegged 8percentt growth as the minimal level desired to absorb surplus labor and ensure social stability.
The 2000 census merely reflects the influx of immigrant surplus labor to neighborhoods that will absorb them.
Europe sent much of its surplus labor to populate the New World and provided the capital to build its infrastructure.
China has wooed countries like South Africa, Ghana and Kenya by building ports and railways, because what it lacks in resources it makes up for in infrastructure expertise and surplus labor.
These efficiencies created a huge pool of surplus labor, setting the stage for the more visible British capitalism in the coming centuries.
When a twenty-two-billion-dollar company can fit its entire workforce into a Greyhound bus, the concept of surplus labor would seem to have run its course.
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