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Considering these characteristics of hospital markets, they compare the effects of a merger on consumer surplus (gain from hospital services minus co-payments paid by consumers), net social surplus (gain from hospital services minus price paid by the insurer) and gross social surplus (gains from hospital services minus costs born by hospitals).
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The plan would require the approval of the Legislature and then the voters in November, and both would also have to approve the governor's plan to create an institutionalized rainy-day account in which surpluses gained during strong fiscal years would go into an account that would be drawn upon in downturns.
Other analysts said the China trade surplus should gain momentum later in the year, when exports generally pick up.
Sustained growth would make it easier for the new government to restore a budget surplus and gain greater international confidence.
Critics say that given China's giant external trade surpluses, the gain of more than 20 percent is too slow to correct the yawning trade imbalances China runs with the United States and Europe.
Although under equilibrium conditions the number of losses balances the number of orphan gains, here, we observed a surplus of orphan gains.
In addition, if one party consistently gains a consumer surplus (always buys) and the other gains a producer surplus (always sells), how will the buyer gain the income to keep making purchases?
But much of that surplus came from a gain on the sale of investments; admissions and membership revenues had declined, and the budget surpassed $21 million, the highest ever.
"I think it's wrong to spend our budget surpluses on short-term gain," he said, "when we need to make sure the resources are there to keep our military strong far into the future".
Looking at broadband demand, which does have a price, helped capture the demand for all the gains a user would get from using a faster form of Internet access.Caution is still warranted: our estimate of surplus will underestimate the gains to consumers of the Internet.
If you're going to spend your money on something every month, is this really the best option?" The NHS advised recently that other than women taking folic acid to help them conceive and the elderly and children under five benefiting from vitamin D, supplementary vitamins would be surplus to that already gained through diet, The Times said.
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