In particular, companies create what is known as "consumer surplus"—the difference between the market price and what a consumer would be willing to pay.
The current account surplus, the difference between Japan's income from foreign sources and its payments on foreign obligations, decreased to 775 billion yen ($6.5 billion) in July, the Finance Ministry said.
The current account surplus, the difference between Japan's income from foreign sources and payments on foreign obligations, decreased to 12.07 trillion yen $98.6 billionn) in the year ended March 31 from fiscal 1999, the Finance Ministry said.
On October 30th Paulo Bernardo, the planning minister, confirmed that the government has reduced its target for the primary fiscal surplus (the difference between revenue and spending before debt payments) for 2009 from 4.3% to 3.8% of GDP.
We model how the participants can maximize social surplus, the difference between gross utility and total cost in electronic procurement, while selecting appropriate quality standards for the procured items.
Marx called the difference "surplus value" and argued that this surplus value had its source in surplus labour, the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive and what they can produce.
The table should show whether each country has a trade surplus (a positive difference) or a trade deficit (a negative difference).
The consumer surplus is the difference between the price that consumers are willing to pay for a product and the actual market price.
The current budget deficit, or surplus, is the difference between the government's everyday expenses and its revenues; in other words, between what it spends and what it receives.
Surplus is the difference between the willingness to pay/sell of users/producers for a good (which is the combined effect of perceived utility and income distribution), and the effort needed to obtain such good (the monetary cost or any other kind of effort).
