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Anesthesiologists speak of patients descending through "the planes of anesthesia" — from the "plane of disorientation" through the "plane of delirium" toward the "surgical plane".
It was also noted that there were qualitatively fewer adhesions at the operative site, with preservation of the surgical plane medial to the gluteal muscle.
Distortion from the initial surgery accompanied by dense scar tissue does not usually allow for the creation of an appropriate surgical plane.
Female Yorkshire pigs (32 36 kg) were anesthetized using a continuous infusion of ketamine/xylazine to maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia.
In other surgical developments, image guidance has become an integral part of navigation and planning, allowing understanding of the locations beneath the surgical plane.
After endotracheal intubation, a surgical plane of anesthesia was maintained with 1.5 2 % isoflurane and a mixture of air and oxygen, adjusted to achieve an inspiratory oxygen fraction of 0.4.
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Often complete tissue release of surgical planes is required before fixation and closure.
DuoVisc and soft-shell techniques were used to reform and stabilise the surgical planes and protect the corneal endothelium.
According to the manufacturers, BIS or SE values between 40 and 60 represent surgical planes of anaesthesia.
With the myomectomy technique applied by our group, in contrast to the resectoscopy or the morcellation consisting of sections and repeated destruction of the tumor integrity, surgical planes were respected and a complete enucleation of the fibroid was achieved.
How, then, can we explain the marked variability in BIS and entropy readings, which in some cases rapidly oscillated between values associated with consciousness and values associated with surgical planes of anaesthesia?
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