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Climbing dunes form under high deposition rates (Allen 1970 ; Ghienne et al. 2010 ), as noted in the PDC environment by Walker (1984 ), who observed that "the environment in which climbing dune-bedded surge deposits form is a strongly depositional one: the surges were heavily laden, and as they slowed down they rapidly shed their load".
The 2014 deposit in the proximal region, however, covers a wider area than the 1979 deposit, mainly due to the additional deposition of elutriation ash and surge deposits from pyroclastic density currents.
One of the possible reasons for the higher mass flux rate of the 2014 eruption than the 1979 eruption is the deposition of elutriation ash and surge deposits from pyroclastic density currents in the summit region.
bIgnimbrite' refers to both pyroclastic flow and pyroclastic surge deposits.
It produced subplinian fall deposits with some surge deposits to the east of the volcano.
Further, the surge deposits are likely to be relatively hot, which could create an issue around accessibility and clean-up of those areas in the short term.
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This is followed by phreatomagmatic eruptions, which first produce tephra deposition to the west and a second surge deposit, followed by tephra deposition to the north-west and then minor deposition to the south-east.
It took a full week just to shovel out the mud the storm surge deposited.
The last two surges traveled up to a distance even exceeding 15 kilometres from the vent, whereas the S4 surge deposit least traces are confined within a few hundred of metres next to the south and southeastern walls.
Subaerial TRC1 deposits are exposed only proximal to the edifice, and consist of cross-stratified base-surge deposits.
The following facies associations were identified: 1) single fluvial channels; 2) multistorey fluvial channels; 3) proximal floodplain; 4) distal floodplain; 5) pyroclastic (ash-fall and ground-surge) deposits.
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