Sentence examples for surfaces was calculated using from inspiring English sources

The apparent surface free energy of given surfaces was calculated using the contact angle hysteresis (CAH): {gamma}_s=frac{gamma_L{left(1+ cos {theta}_aright)}^2}{2+ cos {theta}_r+ cos {theta}_a} (1 where γ S is the apparent surface free energy, γ L is the water surface tension (72.8 mJ/m2 at 20 °C), θ a is the advancing contact angle, and θ r is the receding contact angle of water [51].

Photocatalyzed bacteria were firstly imaged by AFM, and then the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 200 nm×200 nm images of the cell top surfaces was calculated using image analyzing software to determine the surface roughness (Fig. 4).

The rate of thrombin generation on different surfaces was calculated using a thrombin generation assay (TGA) (HemoScan).

Further, the rate of thrombin generation on different surfaces was calculated using a thrombin generation assay (TGA).

The phase images of PLLA homopolymer and the selected blends, specifically the most miscible PLLA/a-PHB5 and the most immiscible PLLA/PPA20, were captured using tapping-mode imaging; the root-mean-square roughness (Rq) of the surfaces was calculated using three representative topographical images of each material.

Proportional limit surfaces were calculated using Eqs.

The energies associated with nanotube cap formation on these various surfaces are calculated using density functional theory (DFT).

Surface morphology, surface energy, work function, band structure, density of state, and optical properties of the two nonpolar surfaces are calculated using first principle based on density function theory (DFT).

Accessible surfaces were calculated using the Proface server[ 82].

Aggregation-prone surfaces were calculated using the Zyggregator method, as discussed by Pechmann et al. (14).

Electrostatic surfaces were calculated using the adaptive Poisson-Boltzman solver [ 54] and the AMBER force field.