Distortions of the joint surfaces of the tail vertebrae possibly due to osetoarthritis or developmental issues.
The squamation is preserved as articulated sections of phosphatized matter and faint impressions along the neck, abdomen, and upper and lower surfaces of the tail (Figures 5A, B, D, E, 6A, D), and as a reticulated pigmentation on the bone surfaces (Figures 3A C, 5C).
We have shown previously that UVR treatment of neonatal [ m1m2]+/− mice induces relatively small nonmetastatic lesions consistent with melanoma in situ on exposed surfaces of the tail, but at no other locations [ 12].
A high intensity light (150 W) at 30% maximum intensity was focused on the dorsal surface of the tail, using a standard tail flick apparatus (Harvard Instruments, USA).
Further improving the tail's grip are stiff bristles on the lower surface of the tail's tip (the upper surface is hairless).
Rats were divided into five groups of six rats each and each rat was placed in a ventilated tube with the tail positioned in radiant thermal stimulation of the dorsal surface of the tail.
Due to this external-like ion environment, all cell plasma membrane processes that depend on the ion gradient across this membrane, or on external ion absolute concentrations, can be replicated on the surface of the tail.
The ventral surface of the tail is grey to white, and the black dorsal surface of the tail continues up the spine for a few inches to form a short, black stripe.
In contrast, terrestrial blennies twist their tail axially 90° before placement on the ground (Fig. 3d), using the lateral surface of their tail – rather than the ventral surface – to propel themselves forward (Movies S3, S4, S5).
The upper surface of the tail was dark red fading to blue at the tip, and the under surface of the tail was brownish red.
