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Cuticular foldings have been described for nearly all epidermal surfaces of plants, but are frequently found in the leaves of flowers (petals), and on seed surfaces.
Relyea suspects the lethal ingredient in Roundup is not glyphosate, but polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), a surfactant that allows the herbicide to penetrate the waxy surfaces of plants and may interfere with the function of the tadpole gills.
Internal "non-cuticular" surfaces (Fig. 2) like pollen or conducting vessels are also not considered in the following chapters, they are multifunctional and different form "outer" cuticular surfaces of plants.
In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of plants, the majority of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms.
For example, on average, stomatal density on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of plants in these generations was significantly decreased by 15.5% and 12.1% with elevated CO2, respectively.
Elevated CO2 significantly reduced stomatal density on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of plants grown in generations 1, 8, and 15 and in reciprocal sowing experiments (Table 1).
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Plant scaffolds were recellularized with human endothelial cells that colonized the inner surfaces of plant vasculature.
Human mesenchymal stem cells and human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes adhered to the outer surfaces of plant scaffolds.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy of plant roots infected with gfp+ tagged FZB42 revealed that the bacterium behaves different in colonizing surfaces of plant roots of different species.
Radicle cross sections revealed microbial cell clusters abundant on the surfaces of plant cells, and sometimes clustering along the outer edges of the embryo (Figure 2B).
Close up views reveal stomatal regions heavily colonized by yeast-like microbes (Figure 3F), while individual rod shaped, coccus, and irregular-shaped microbial cells can be detected on the surfaces of plant and fungal cells.
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