Alongside surface corona and surface chemistry, surface charge is a distinguishing physicochemical property of a nanomaterial.
Surface modification techniques are employed to improve certain membrane characteristics such as surface roughness, surface charge and membrane hydrophilicity.
For the nonstoichiometric surfaces, the surface charge is controlled by proton, hydroxide, zinc and sulfide ions depending on specific conditions.
Characteristics such as size distribution, surface chemistry, surface charge, and dispersability in aqueous phase have been identified.
Specifically, in the present chapter, the correlation between material surface properties (including surface topography, surface chemistry, surface wettability, surface charge, and surface free energy) and cell functions is systematically discussed.
Among others, the NP surface chemistry including surface charge or functionalization controls NP fate.
Nanoparticles adsorbing onto the rock surface affects its surface charge thereby altering wettability.
These include particle size, surface charge, surface hydrophilicity/lipophilicity, and antigen adjuvant binding strength.
The collective oscillation may involve volume charge density (volume plasmon) or surface charge density (surface plasmon).
When pH < pHPZC of the surface, positive <span class="lh">surface charge increases with decreasing pH, and when pH > pHPZC, negative surface charge increases with increasing pH[56].
