Surface slope, or gradient, determines the amount of runoff and is a prime factor in this erosion.
Surface slope showed considerable influences on hydrologic connectivity.
The transition between these systems occurs with increasing surface slope, melt-water flux, and basal shear stress.
Kamb, B. & Echelmeyer, K. A. Stress-gradient coupling in glacier flow: I. Longitudinal averaging of the influence of ice thickness and surface slope.
Surface roughness and surface slope are defined as the root-mean-squares of the surface height profile and of the surface slope profile, respectively.
Bertsatos and N. C. Makris, "Statistical biases and errors inherent in photoclinometric surface slope estimation with natural light," Icarus 208, 798-810 (2010).
For all warm events, anomalies in sea surface slope tend to lead SST.
Then, the surface slope and height are obtained by camera image analysis.
Furthermore, the influences of surface topography, rainfall, and surface slope on hydrologic connectivity were evaluated.
However, conflicting results have been reported in the scientific literature on the role of surface slope on infiltration.
The directions of future work to develop a surface slope measuring profiler with nano-radian performance are also discussed.
