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There have been few such studies in desert geomorphology compared to those focused on individual landforms and on rock surface sculpture.
Several features, such as the length-to-width ratio of the grain and surface sculpture of the lemma (especially the upper lemma), have been used to distinguish foxtail millet from its wild relatives (Musil 1963; Renfrew 1973; Nasu et al. 2007).
This means that the surface sculpture was not a good criterion to distinguish between these two species.
The ridged lines of the surface sculpture consisted of a very heavy silicon layer that formed from an adnate silicon extracellular sheet and outer epidermis.
Although this sculpture can be used to distinguish foxtail millet from common millet [47], based on our observations of surface characteristic with different adnate silicon layers in different Ω-types, the surface sculpture of the upper lemmas from foxtail millet was very similar to that from green foxtail.
Diagnostic characters to distinguish adult morphospecies were those traditionally used in taxonomic studies of the group, including body size and shape, coloration, surface sculpture and pilosity as well as male genital morphology [ 39- 41].
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Open image in new window Fig. 1 Hierarchical surface sculpturing of plants on the macroscopic scale.
Species with smooth or slightly convex cell surface sculptures are most appropriate for AFM investigations.
The surface sculpturing of the upper lemma and palea was then observed by SEM to distinguish seeds of P. miliaceum, S. italica, and S. glauca.
The complication surface sculptures of upper lemmas with adnate different silicon layers have not been discussed in detail.
In contrast, the smaller ephippia have acute antero-dorsal and postero-dorsal angles lacking a caudal needle and surface sculpturing.
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