Green curve shows PL decay when illuminating the surface of the sample with two-photon excitation.
The surface of the sample was assumed to be at the depth where the PL lifetime reached a minimum.
Conducting materials screen microwaves and MFMMS would only detect superconductivity at or near the surface of the sample under investigation.
From this recording, computers construct a picture of the surface of the sample, showing the position and size of each atom.
Experimentally the excitation volume was first focused above the surface of the sample and subsequently moved into the sample in step sizes of 100 nm, while rastering laterally.
For the cross-sectional image, cross-sectional surface of the sample was coated with ca. 1 nm-thick gold using sputter to enhance the conductivity.
The method is nondestructive and utilizes characteristic X-rays excited by an electron beam incident on a flat surface of the sample.
Also some columns were created due to copolymer extrusion to the surface of the sample.
There was also an indication that the surface of the sample had a small effect on rates of volatile evolution.
Additionally, the drying process was recorded to observe the cracking on the surface of the sample and its shrinkage.
It thus measures the pore volume that is effectively interconnected and accessible to the surface of the sample, which is important when considering the storage and movement of subsurface fluids such as petroleum, groundwater, or contaminated fluids.
