Setae generally arise from the ventral (lower) surface of the body.
Such bacterial infections as tuberculosis or syphilis can cause ulcers on any surface of the body.
Glands on the surface of the body secrete a complex house made up of mucus, which surrounds the animal.
The parietal layer becomes thickened, and cells escape from the epithelial arrangement and form a mesenchymal mass adjoining the ectodermal epithelium at the surface of the body.
The tympanal organ of insects consists of a group of scolophores associated with a thin, horny (chitinous) membrane at the surface of the body, one on each side.
The presence of specialized mechanisms of elimination in higher animals enables wastes to be rapidly transported to the exterior surface of the body (see below Vertebrate excretory systems).
Green stinkbugs are sometimes confused with N. viridula; however, the former are readily distinguished by the elongated scent gland on the ventral (underside) surface of the body.
Infantile hemangiomas can occur anywhere on the surface of the body, as well as in mucous membranes and in internal organs.
(Pain and temperature sensation coming from the surface of the body is called exteroceptive, while sensory information arising from tendons, muscles, or joint capsules is called proprioceptive).
In some species similar receptors are scattered over the surface of the body and may also be present on egg-laying apparatus.
The ability of many invertebrates to concentrate iodide, an important ingredient in thyroid hormones, occurs generally over the surface of the body.
