As the caffeic acid is added and adsorbed on the surface of AuNPs, the aggregation mechanism and surface free energy are changed and consequently resulted in the AuNPs of various geometry.
With this type of structure, it is apparent that only the cellulose molecules situated on the surface of these aggregations would be susceptible to the degrading actions of enzymes.
If cellulose hydrolysis only occurs on the surface of the cellulose aggregations, the available surface area is a potential determinant of the maximum rate of hydrolysis that can be achieved.
The coating effect of TPGS on the particle surface and the aggregation of the formed nanoparticles because of extra TPGS may account for the increases in nanoparticle size.
The CoO nanowires are uniformly and tightly anchored on the rGO sheet surface, preventing the aggregation of the CoO nanowires and the restacking of rGO sheets.
The mechanism of the nanosensors can be attributed to the fact that the external chemical stimuli like hydroxyl radicals from H2O2 bring about the change of surface properties and the aggregation of CDs, which dominate the emission and absorption of CDs.
These features could be clusters of cells exposed at the surface of the biofilm, or aggregations of membrane vesicles, which have been shown to contain ∼90% of the PQS produced by P. aeruginosa.
The wrapped surface can prevent the aggregation of CNTs, while the bare surface may still induce enough interconnection of CNTs, resulting in high efficient percolation network.
It is known that, for instance, C-terminal CFH mutants have a reduced ability to bind platelets, resulting in complement activation on the surface of platelets, aggregation and release of tissue-factor expressing micro-particles, all of which participate to the formation of thrombi within the microcirculation.
Hence, ZVIN are dispersed on the surface of the biomaterial to minify the aggregation.
