Aquifers are normally unconfined, but semi-confined or confined aquifers also exist, because clay deposits in glaciolacustrine lakes or the Baltic Sea often cover the surface of the terrain in southern parts of Finland.
The vertical distance to the river base level was calculated by interpolating the elevation at each vertex of the hydrographic polyline to create a base level-smoothed surface of the terrain and subsequently subtracting the value of this smoothed surface from the original elevation model (Bock and Köthe 2008).
Digital photogrammetry, applied to scanned archived photography, can be used to generate high-resolution (sub-meter) DEM surfaces of proglacial terrain suitable for quantifying decadal-scale morphometric changes that have occurred since the mid-20th century to recent times.
In the context of landscape modeling tasks, we concentrate on one central component, the extraction of terrain surface from a Digital Surface Model (DSM).
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The solar radiation model is implemented taking into account the terrain surface using two-dimensional adaptive meshes of triangles that are constructed using a refinement/derefinement procedure in accordance with the variations of terrain surface and albedo.
The terrain surface is taken into account, using 2-D adaptive meshes of triangles which are constructed using a refinement/derefinement procedure in accordance with the variations of terrain surface and albedo.
The laser system captures images of surface terrain and structures by shooting out laser pulses from an aircraft and measuring the time it take the pulses to bounce back, producing representations of what it hits.
The VTI code replaces the tire component of the simulated vehicle, in the Driver and Motion Simulator (DMS), allowing it to report back realistic values while driving on various types of terrain surfaces such as mud, snow, ice, and pavement.
A portable field spectrometer (ASD FieldSpec Pro FR®) was used for spectral surveys of terrain surfaces, and optical satellite data (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), CHRIS-Proba) were used for the characterization, manual mapping, and automatic classification of typical periglacial land-cover units in the Lena Delta.
The surface comprises two principal types of terrain, one dark and one bright.
