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The autoimmune reaction underlying myasthenia gravis results from a malfunction in the immune system in which the body produces autoantibodies that attack specific receptors located on the surface of muscle cells.
The process is repeated until a steady state is obtained, defining the inner surface of muscle.
Projections could first be imaged on the surface of muscle cells at the neurula stage, extending from one muscle cell to another (Figure 6A and Movie S8).
Several branches of IK2 run in very close association with the external surface of muscle 48, but only one branch of IK2 appeared to breach the muscle surface and innervate the underlying fibres.
Using high-speed imaging to visualize non-superficial cells within a developing embryo we have identified filopodial projections present on the lateral surface of muscle cells prior to the initiation, and during the early stages, of tail extension (Movies S8 and S9).
In the final phase (3), once tail extension is underway, the surface of muscle cells becomes largely quiescent, suggesting that intrinsic cellular polarity is established and cell elongation during this period is accomplished in the absence of dynamic protrusive changes at the plasma membrane.
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This technique consists on the application of mild electrical stimulation through electrodes placed on the surface of muscles.
Perimysial collagen formed an interconnected network (Fig. 6 B ) in which extensive sheets of collagen were found on the surfaces of muscle layers, as shown in Fig. 5 B. The spaces or cleavage planes between layers were not evident in fresh tissue, where on a cut surface under a dissecting microscope, the laminae appeared as stacks of cards with no space between.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02372.021 Vertebrate tendons consist of a complex network of collagen-rich fibrils, which interact with other ECM proteins and membrane adhesion complexes on the surfaces of muscle cells to form attachments strong enough to bear contractile forces (Ros et al., 1995).
(Figure 1) Figure 1 (a) Metallic markers were attached to the outer surface of each muscle following the muscle fibre paths.
The thin afferent fibers are believed to be connected to polymodal receptors on the surface of the muscle and within the muscle.
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