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He studied the mangled surface of a leaf I was molding.
Some genera (Leptothorax) eat the honeydew that has fallen onto the surface of a leaf.
Chemicals on the surface of another insect or on the surface of a leaf are not in solution and are probably conveyed from the insect or leaf surface by carrier proteins in the material covering the nerve endings at the pore.
Because most water loss occurs by diffusion and the rate of diffusion is determined by the gradient across the diffusion barrier such as the surface of a leaf or skin, the rate of water loss will depend on the relative humidity of the air.
In caterpillars such as Drepana arcuata, seen in this video, a hair-like structure at the end of the abdomen has evolved into an "anal oar" that the insect scrapes along the surface of a leaf to warn off an intruder.
Because of their sensitivity to light, and high vapor pressures that causes them to rapidly disappear when applied to the surface of a leaf, chemically unmodified strobilurins are not generally useful as fungicides for agricultural use.
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Some of the small buprestids are leaf miners; that is, they feed on leaf cells between the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf.
In each replicate on a given type of plants, one female and one male adults were placed on the lower surface of a plant leaf (third to fifth leaf from the top) enclosed in a clip-cage.
In each replicate, one female and one male were placed on the lower surface of a plant leaf (third to fifth leaf from the top) enclosed in a clip-cage.
Stomatal conductance of each replicate was taken from the abaxial surface of a single leaf at 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1700 h with a leaf porometer, avoiding the central vein and degraded areas (SC-1; Decagon Devices, Pullman, WA, USA).
Among meristems of limited existence is the marginal, or plate, meristem responsible for the increase in surface area of a leaf; it contributes new cells mainly in one plane.
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