Figure 11(a) shows the Poisson's ratio along a curved surface 5 km below the upper surface of the subducting PA plate (Nakajima and Hasegawa, 2010).
The population density of each province (people/km) was estimated by dividing the province population size by the surface area (km)[ 30].
The potential T at a point P can be expressed in terms of anomalies Δ g(Q) at points Q on an exterior boundary σas 1where R is the reference radius of the surface (1738 km in our case) and the kernel S P, Q) is the Stokes-Pizetti kernel [ Heiskanen and Moritz, 1984].
A gridded surface of 5 km × 5 km cells was generated with each pixel representing either urban, peri-urban, or rural areas.
Using the most up-to-date national censuses available and other demographic data resolved to the smallest available administrative unit, a gridded surface of 5 km × 5 km cells was generated.
Dissemination efforts for the present study in Flanders (population: 6,160,600 inhabitants, surface: 13,521 square km, density: 456 inhabitants/square km) were initiated at the end of 2007.
The advanced argillic alteration zone ranges from the surface to ~2 km (quartz-alunite zone: surface to ~1 km; quartz-pyrophyllite zone: ~1 to ~2 km).
The pixel resolution at the Venusian surface is 0.2 1.6 km for UVI, IR1, and IR2 and 0.9 7.0 km for LIR from the periapsis altitude of 1000 8000 km.
An additional curve is for a model with a diffuse aerosol layer (2-km thick) added on top the reflecting surface at 70 km.
The minimum a corresponds to a height above the surface of ∼45 km, which gives the altitude of the ray closest approach of ∼32 km when the radius of the planet is taken to be 6052 km.
