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On the other hand, most agricultural areas are irrigated by traditional surface irrigation methods while their irrigation efficiency never exceeds 35%% (Alizadeh 2004).
Surface irrigation systems are usually classed as either flood or furrow systems.
The two types of land irrigation generally suited to vegetables are surface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation.
In surface irrigation water is distributed over the surface of soil.
The typical surface irrigation system utilizes a publicly developed water supply e.g., a river-basin reservoir.
Surface irrigation is normally used only where the land has been graded so that uniform slopes exist.
This method of irrigation prevailed until the second half of the 20th century, where with few sites remaining for building dams, the prospects for expanding surface irrigation faded.
A level site is required for surface irrigation, in which the water is conveyed directly over the field in open ditches at a slow, nonerosive velocity.
The distribution of water is accomplished by various control structures, and the furrow method of surface irrigation is frequently employed because most vegetable crops are grown in rows.
If carefully planned, this smoothing also can prepare the land for surface irrigation, thus serving two purposes by one earth-moving operation.
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The most important concern with the sub-surface irrigation was the increased effluence in the top soil layer, since it might inhibit plant growth (Tabatabaei and Najafi 2009).
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