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They jump like shad, have teeth like piranha and strike with the surface explosion of a northern bass.
A surface explosion, in fact, generates both ground shock and airblast pressure on a nearby structure.
A 33-bell toll remembered not only the 1965 disaster but others, including the 1905 explosion at the same colliery, the surface explosion of 1900, and incidents at Ffynnon Dwyn and Blaenclydach collieries.
This paper presents the response of pile foundations to ground shocks induced by surface explosion using fully coupled and non-linear dynamic computer simulation techniques together with different material models for the explosive, air, soil and pile.
When the scale distance increases, the relative importance of the ground shock on structure response increases, and ground shock will dominate the surface explosion effects on structures at large scaled distance.
The tunnel lining with a thickness of 750 mm appeared to be highly resistant to the explosion of an SDT or container for all the investigated depths, and the best resistance was achieved at a depth of 8 m, which should be considered by designers to ensure the safety of an underground box tunnel when subjected to an incredible surface explosion.
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No surface explosions were observed during the SAHT.
The acoustic pulses are associated with small surface explosions (down arrows).
In the atmosphere, however, many impulsive acoustic waves indicating small surface explosions were observed.
Current practice in analysis and design of structures to withhold surface explosions considers only airblast forces on structures.
This paper develops, applies and compares the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) and Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) techniques to treat the response of buried tunnels to surface explosions.
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