The effects of torrefaction conditions on the surface porosity and chemical makeup of torrefied biomass were studied.
Although it is possible that very small particles may exert toxic effects and induce intracellular Ca2+ flux based on their small size and high surface area, independent of their chemical makeup (Brown et al. 2001, 2004), our data indicate that the injurious effect of ambient UFP is dependent on chemical composition.
As visually similar surfaces may have a different chemical makeup, it is very difficult to predict exactly the cleaning performance, especially with low-invasive cleaning techniques.
Scientists, examining Mars rocks hurled to Earth in upheavals, have found signs that moving water changed the chemical makeup of the surface terrain in recent eras, and they have concluded that the Martian crust harbors up to three times as much water as previously thought.
More precise measurements of the chemical makeup of Venus's surface and atmosphere could help establish how much water the planet had in the past, and when this began to disappear.
Now that Curiosity has arrived in the region, researchers from the US Geology Survey's (USGS) Astrogeology Science Centre will start conducting tests and experiments on the surface material - using Curiosity's wealth of scientific instruments to study the chemical makeup and grain size of sand on Mars's surface, as well as monitoring the atmosphere using Curiosity's visual cameras.
Other instruments will study the chemical makeup of Pluto's atmosphere and surfaces, map its topography, see how it reacts with the solar wind, and look for rings. .
In these areas, rain is light and infrequent, but over millions of years it can change the chemical makeup of soil by depositing chlorides near the surface and by transporting the less soluble sulfates farther into the soil.
Changing the color of a surface, such as the leaves on a tree in autumn, requires a change in chemical makeup.
