Composition of surface can be studied in individual points or in the whole area forming "composition maps", see Fig. 19.
Virtually any rock now seen forming at the surface can be found in exposed deep crustal sections in a form that reveals through its mineral content the temperature and pressure of burial.
The specific target receptor interactions on the cantilever surface can be assayed in terms of either cantilever deflection or change in resonant frequency.
The shallow section, and its interpretation, are shown in Fig. 8. Reflectors that are subparallel to the surface can be found in the shallowest part of the section.
Other compounds, like carbon dioxide, and their variations over the terrestrial surface, can be followed in a similar way.
Geothermal energy, which is drawn from deep below the earth's surface, can be used in power plants when wells are drilled down to reservoirs of heated groundwater.
In particular, the deep-water pumps and suction pipes developed to bring subsea oil up to the surface can be used in the riser pipes needed to bring minerals (mixed with water) up from a massive-sulphide mine.
Nano-silica particles coated on copper surface can be observed in Figure 1d.
Impinging jet on a solid surface can be found in various engineering applications.
The nanoparticle surface can be modified in order to achieve specific labeling with biomolecules, such as antibodies, cardohydrates, and proteins.
