When ignoring those isolated large fluctuations such as potholes, fluctuations of pavement surface can be approximate by a homogenous, Gaussian random field with a zero mean [49, 55].
The surface tension can be approximated as the surface tension of a 50 50 H2O CH3OH solution.
The hysteresis effect diminishes at climatic scale, such that the remotely sensed surface temperature can be approximated as linearly correlated to the near-surface air temperature.
However, a high-end estimate of the change in surface area can be approximated by assuming the seed crystals were individual cubes with smooth faces and that precipitation occurred as uniform epitaxial growth on all faces.
It is found that the boundary of SSSR consists of several smooth surfaces, which can be approximated with hyper-planes in engineering application.
A 3D surface in space can be approximated using a finite set of known points, on which any given point can be predicted via a wide variety of interpolation techniques.
At the beginning of the process, however, molecular transport by diffusion is very rapid, and the molecules within the pores are adsorbed to the surface quickly, which can be approximated by the first, diffusion-dominated circumstance.
Assuming a transport or surface controlled precipitation mechanism can be approximated by a simple linear relationship, we can develop a tractable model that illustrates the effect of ion ratios on precipitation rates.
Also, as explained in our earlier work [3], the surface of one cell can be approximated to be 142.86 square micrometers, while a human erythrocyte normally has 2,000 insulin binding sites, or 14 sites per square micrometer.
