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The resins were characterized by mercury porosimetry, BET surface area determination, and apparent density, swelling in methanol.
The comprehensive structural characterization studies that involved FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and BET surface area determination showed that the pretreated rice husk consisted mainly of cellulose and lignin.
Here, a suitable temperature for Ni surface area determination lies within 265 and 285 K with an O/NiS ratio of 0.96 ± 0.05.
Additionally the synthesized photocatalysts have been characterized by using x-ray powder diffraction XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, UV vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and N2 adsorption (BET) for specific surface area determination.
The synthesized materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, diffuse reflectance UV vis and Raman spectroscopy, and surface area determination via N2 adsorption.
In this temperature range, the ratio of adsorbed oxygen atoms, O, and the number of Ni surface atoms, NiS, (O/NiS) is 0.38 ± 0.07, which can be applied for specific Ni surface area determination.
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The solid catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, surface area determinations, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry, temperature programmed reduction and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy.
Solids thus obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction, confocal microscopy, chemical analysis, surface area determinations, and their activities in thiophene and benzothiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) were also evaluated.
Electrode surface area determinations were conducted using a 10 mM solution of Fe CN 63 /4– (1:1 ratio mixed solution), in a range of (−0.1) to (+0.6) V vs Ag/AgCl.
The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area (SSA) determination, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements.
Catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), The Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area and determination of average oxidation state (AOS).
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