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In addition, we have drawn some typical birch and beech morphologies observed in the two plots and interpreted them on the basis of their social status: tree of the present, potential tree, suppressed tree, tree of the past.
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While struggling for the light, suppressed trees have to invest more into height than diameter growth.
Overstocked stands of suppressed trees with low structural diversity dominate the landscape.
3D structure errors: It has to be admitted that suppressed trees and irregular tree crowns are hard to detect from CHM.
Typical the height growth is not affected by the stand density as long as the tree does not belong to the suppressed trees which are here not considered.
This reduced the negative effects of the opening of the stand overlayer and the elimination of most suppressed trees on soil protection.
On the contrary, studies that not only sampled dominant trees but also intermediate and (or) suppressed trees (e.g. Cescatti and Piutti 1998; Martín-Benito et al. 2008) report inter-tree variability.
The dominated and suppressed trees were additionally sampled to augment the allometric curve at the lower end, as is common practice to cover the entire spread of tree sizes on the plot (Cifuentes Jara et al. 2015).
A closer examination of the few stands that showed a significant association between DBH and density indicated that this occurred only in older, highly stocked stands, containing small suppressed trees.
Stand growth in sessile oak was reduced by high summer soil water deficit, with a particularly severe growth reduction for suppressed trees, suggesting asymmetric belowground competition for water in this species.
In Douglas-fir, a stand growth reduction was found for high summer temperatures, with an increase in growth dominance that suggested a higher temperature-driven stress for suppressed trees.
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