His research showed that although some working UC claimants supported conditionality in principle, many found the reality unrealistic and degrading.
Yet the Bundesbank was actively involved in designing the specifics of the program and supported strong conditionality, said two central bank officials who spoke on condition of anonymity.
From the cold war to aid conditionality supporting its own interests, to the pouring of money into the Horn of Africa after the 9/11 attacks, the US pretty much wrote the book on how to use aid to ensure strategic interests.
Labour supports efforts to simplify the benefit system and back "conditionality" on benefits but says people should not be penalised for being unable to find work and the proposals do not provide a "panacea" for reducing unemployment.
Meeting at Gödöllö in Hungary to consider the Portuguese request for assistance, EU ministers issued a statement on Friday saying: "Euro-area and EU financial support will be provided on the basis of a policy programme which will be supported by strict conditionality".
"Should there be any issue of inappropriate use or non-compliance with the conditionality and sanctions legislation; staff should be supported to correctly impose conditionality with the use of personal improvement plan (PIP) and line manager support".
Although Duncan Smith's replacement at the DWP, Stephen Crabb, did not mention in-work conditionality by name in his first major speech this week, he described the initiative positively as "a human being in the jobcentre staying with you as you move into work and progress, coaching you, mentoring you, supporting you".
The similarities between FRPs, as well as the conditionality through time and space, support an FRP trend throughout Western Europe.
But it also deviates from the real challenge: the budget composition, its precise use and potential conditionality, and how exactly it can support growth, jobs and competitiveness in a difficult economic environment.
Speaking in July 2014 at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), a World Bank official explained: "I do not believe high-level public statements and loan conditionality constitute the answer... [D]onors can support [civil society organizations] in this important movement for inclusive development..
