We expected multiple Pleistocene refugia to be supported by allopatric clades/unique networks [ 4, 15] with strong nodal/parsimony support, whereas unique clades or intra-network structuring between refugia inferred from niche modeling and recolonized areas would support leading-edge effects [ 2, 9].
Thus, intermediate-affinity LFA-1 attachment to α-actinin-1 either generates or stabilizes LFA-1 adhesions that support spreading at the leading edge of the T cell.
The secondary weak flame front is located in a region with reverse upward flow of the recirculation zone, which is found to support the propagation of the leading edge with a negative flame displacement speed.
This is in keeping with the idea that forward membrane protrusion is dependent upon turnover of adhesions at the leading edge to support strong propulsive forces (Beningo et al, 2001).
In a statement, NGEN managing director Peter Grubstein said "We are particularly excited to be supporting BrightFarms, as it sits on the leading edge of the demand for local food production, utilizing sustainable practices and disruptive distribution model.
Leading edge of the lumen intima interface to leading edge of the media adventitia defined cIMT.
All together, these data support a positive feedback model in which at the leading edge of motile cells ligand-engaged integrins trigger the formation of an R-Ras-GTP/RIN2/Rab5-GTP complex.
It was proposed that EGF signals through Ras and c-Jun N-terminal kinase to induce TG2 expression at the leading edge of cancer cells, thus further supporting its role in breast cancer invasion and metastasis [ 41].
The presence of LRP-1 at the leading edge [61] could therefore orchestrate polarization and support directional migration of tumor cells.
However, the translocation of all these proteins to the leading edge did not depend on Syk-Tyr323 (supporting information Figure S1 B E).
With Mosul a stone's throw away, they are the leading edge of the coalition that has finally decided, in support of the Kurdish Peshmerga and the Iraqi army, to take the capital of the Islamic State.
