Several studies supplemented self-report measures of diabetes with physiologic measures (i.e., fasting plasma glucose).
Further, our findings underscore the need to collect objective physiological evidence of stress to supplement self-reported information.
These data were used to supplement self-reported history of cardiovascular disease, liver conditions and diabetic complications.
Future studies should aim to supplement self-reports with data from accelerometers or other measures less prone to error.
For testicular congenital abnormalities, mother's responses were used to verify or supplement self-report data (Stang et al, 2001).
Another potential consideration is to supplement self-report data on sports and exercise with objective data in order to minimise recall bias.
Hence, supplementing self-reports with diagnostic assessment, and also information from multiple informants, may increase the validity of mental health assessment in this group.
Similarly dietary outcomes in our review were predominantly self-reported, except in three of the 16 studies where sales data were used to supplement self-reported dietary changes [ 28, 32, 33].
Originally developed to support professional revalidation and appraisal, the system offers a robust method to allow professionals to use a suite of contextually driven independent feedback to supplement self-assessment and support plans for quality improvement.
This emphasizes the importance of supplementing self-reported and clinical outcome measures with assessments that quantify function and gait [ 63], when trying to understand how altered gait can influence disease progression – or vice versa.
We conclude that AHRR DNA methylation status is a sensitive marker of smoking history and could serve as a biomarker of smoking that could supplement self-report or existing biomarker measures in clinical or epidemiological analyses of the effects of smoking.
