The strongest evidence of a causal association between higher levels of milk consumption and IGF comes from a randomised trial of dietary milk supplementation, reporting a rise in IGF-I in those supplemented but not the controls (Heaney et al, 1999).
Nevertheless, the risk of hypercalcemia after vitamin D supplementation reported in other series should lead to caution [ 31].
Of the four studies that rated "good" for quality, one study on multivitamin-mineral supplementation reported a positive outcome [ 26], and the other three reported no effect [ 21, 24, 30].
The findings may not only explain the contradictory or inconsistent results on the vascular effects of L-arginine supplementation reported in the literature, but also provide the mechanistic insight into the detrimental clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
16, 70– 76 While this property of EPA may be seen as deleterious, it is possible that antiplatelet activity could be responsible for the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation reported in many studies.
Other studies on lipid supplementation reported the fraction of n-3 fatty acids in plasma PL, but not the plasma PL levels (Wigmore et al, 1996, 1997; Barber et al, 1999), so this abnormality was previously undetected.
Older adults are at increased risk of developing vitamin D insufficiency (<30 ng/mL), and a recent systematic review of vitamin D supplementation reports that supplementation may be indicated in those older people with low vitamin D levels to combat sarcopenia, functional decline, and falls risk.
Although there was no effect on mean offspring blood pressure, an Argentinean trial of maternal calcium supplementation reported a decreased risk of having high blood pressure [defined by age, sex, and height-specific cutoffs (12)] in the offspring at 7 y (10).
An open RCT study evaluating pentoxifylline at the high dose of 20 mg/kg three times daily, either alone or in combination with oral EFA supplementation, reported a significantly greater improvement in skin lesions and pruritus of these interventions over placebo; the effect seemed highest for dogs treated with the combination of pentoxifylline and EFAs (QOE 2) [ 54 ].
