The M genes of three of the four isolates appeared to form a subclade different from those of other pH1N1 viruses (Supplementary Figure S1D), although additional viruses must be analyzed to confirm this finding.
The Helitron copy with the intact ends was also found at the orthologous position in the Kitale strain of the virus (supplementary fig. S5 and table S2, Supplementary Material online).
The model for TBEV predicted 494 hosts in addition to the already recognized 75 hosts for this virus (Supplementary Data file 3).
The western-blot analysis confirmed that expression of tagged Rab11 in these cells is in the same range as for the endogenous Rab11 protein and is unchanged upon infection with the A/WSN/33 (WSN) virus (Supplementary Fig. 1B).
Human IAV H3N2 (strain X-31) was coupled to HATRIC and it was demonstrated that, although coupling reduced IAV endocytosis, the particles used similar endocytic pathways to the wild-type virus (Supplementary Figures 7 and 8).
The supplementary methods describe virus production, soma size measurement, spastin fluorescence density measurements, cell death assays and karyotyping.
The infection efficiency was estimated at around 40% for both the control GFP and NGN2/SOX11 virus (Supplementary Figure S7).
An MTS assay identified no difference in cell proliferation of BPH1 cells or CAFs transfected with LV-SCUBE1, LV-Dlk1, EV or no virus (supplementary material Fig. S5).
The NA gene was highly divergent (76.9% nucleotide homology) from the A(H10N8) avian virus (Supplementary Figure S1B), which has caused human infections in China.
Although the H5 HA cleavage motif site of MDk/W452(H5N8) bears polybasic residues denoting a high-pathogenicity phenotype in chickens, molecular modifications that are known to promote infection of mammalian hosts are not present in this virus (Supplementary Table S2).
The analysis of p35ToTV-Kra infected plants revealed the presence of ca. 28-nm-diameter icosahedral particles, similar to those identified in plants infected with the wild-type virus (Supplementary Fig. S2).
