Also, there were no significant differences in proportion of microstimulated trials or mean absolute disparity between reward conditions (Supplementary file 1).
However, the extent to which our positive stimuli (intended to be nonappetitive and moderate in arousal; see Table S1 in the supplementary materials), relative to reward anticipation, specifically engendered appetitive motivation is not clear.
Because the model predicts that reward can either increase or decrease endpoint variability according to the individual, we performed a supplementary analysis of per-subject effects of reward.
Results indicated that supraliminal, but not subliminal, high-value reward cues engaged brain areas involved in reward processing (VS) and task performance (supplementary motor area, motor cortex, and superior temporal gyrus).
The data from those 24 starlings for the no-interference and late-interference conditions, which did not include incorrect reward contingincies, is reported in Supplementary Fig. 1.
To parameterize risky decision-making we constructed a psychometric function of logistic form relating the probability of reward on the risky, potentially large reward option to the probability of choosing it over the safe, small reward option (Fig. 3 and Supplementary materials).
Results indicated that high-value (vs. low-value) reward cues engaged several structures involved in reward processing and task performance, including the VS, supplementary motor area, motor cortex, and superior temporal gyrus.
The reward for this effort is a 6-month supplementary production certificate for the pharmaceutical company.
No significant correlation was observed between behavioral apathy and stake sensitivity (r = −0.293, P = 0.08) or expected reward sensitivity (r = −0.193, P = 0.26) (Supplementary Table 2).
There were no significant differences between the groups in any psychological questionnaire measures of depression, mood, reward sensitivity, impulsivity or personality traits (see online supplementary table S5).
