Removal of any one of the four cytokines affected MuSC expansion (Supplementary information, Table S1).
Mutation of the aromatic finger in Beclin 1 ECD markedly reduced the radius expansion (Supplementary information, Figure S8B).
This resulted in a significant reduction in neurosphere size from dissociated ANSCs, suggesting the existence of a role for autophagy during ANSC expansion (Supplementary Figure S2A).
When any one of the four cytokines was removed from the culture system, the cells were either less proliferative, unable to maintain their undifferentiated status or incapable of expansion (Supplementary information, Table S1).
Finally, to mimic the effects of miRNA secretion on recipient CD4+ T cell function in vivo, a transwell system was used in which secreted miR-214 crossed an insert to regulate PTEN expression and Treg expansion (Supplementary information, Figure S7A).
This conclusion was based on the observation that some C R cells were observed deep inside of the VZ before the appearance of cortical dysmorphogenesis at E11.5 (Fig. 5B), while the mutant did not show any sign of cortical hem expansion (Supplementary Material, Fig. S4).
After blastocoel formation, wild-type and heterozygous embryos each showed between zero and two instances of blastocoel collapse, which were always followed by blastocoel re-expansion (supplementary material Movies 1-3; Fig. 1D).
Among the various ways of doing so (through supplementary basis functions, eigenfunction expansions, and graded meshes), the method of auxiliary mapping proves to be particularly effective.
The high-likelihood regions identified in the first step are then characterized in detail in the second step, with an approach based on ellipsoid expansions [see Supplementary Data, section 4 and Zamora-Sillero et al., 2011 for details].
Mutations that are fixed in the tumor cell population are present in the same fraction of cells, regardless whether they emerged during one or during multiple clonal expansions (see Supplementary Fig. S2).
Of the 30 gene families whose members had d s < 0.4, we confirmed the expansion of 20 families (supplementary table S8, Supplementary Material online).
