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Flowering plants were randomly assigned either to supplemental hand cross-pollination (n = 30) or to control (n = 30) treatments.
In contrast, supplemental hand cross-pollination resulted in a significant reduction in achene weight compared with open-pollinated capitula (1.7 and 1.2 mg in LP and PN, P<0.001 in both cases, Tukey tests; Fig. 2C, D; Table 3).
No additional studies were found in the supplemental hand search, but one unpublished study was identified through personal contact.
In 2009, 36 pairs of plants size-matched by flower number, receiving either supplemental hand or open pollination, were scored for fruit maturation, mass of seeds and seed predation.
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Supplemental hand-pollination of otherwise untreated flowers increased initial and final nut set by 66%and44%4%, respectively, indicating substantial pollination limitation.
Unfortunately, domestic livestock destroyed two plants from the supplemental hand-pollination treatment in PN population.
Supplemental hand-pollination was performed twice (in two different days) once floral capitula were at the female stage.
Supplemental hand-pollination resulted in a significant increase in achene production at both sites (Fig. 2, Table 3).
To evaluate whether the amount of pollen reaching the stigmas constrains achene production of C. renifolia, we performed supplemental hand-pollination experiments.
The percentage of achene set was 33.4% and 34.3% higher in supplemental hand-pollinated than in control plants from LP and PN populations (P<0.001 in both cases, Tukey tests; Fig. 2A, B; Table 3).
The number of recalls for additional imaging and/or requiring supplemental hand-held ultrasound is a drawback of this technology.
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