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The president's executive order order argued that "raising the pay of low-wage workers increases their morale and the productivity and quality of their work, lowers turnover and its accompanying costs, and reduces supervisory costs".
Regarding the firm's ownership concentration, large stockholders, unlike minority shareholders, may have incentives to supervise managerial actions as the increase in their wealth derived from their supervisory action may be higher than the direct supervisory costs incurred.
A limitation of this study is that it did not measure the supervisory costs incurred by the Ministry of Health, and the costs of support incurred by non-governmental organisations and the donor community, thereby underestimating the true health systems cost of service provision to Kanyama Township.
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Doubling supervisory (managerial) costs would increase overall costs by 4%.
b Effect of supervisory liquidation costs.
Supervisory liquidation costs are not taken into account, since they are assumed to be linked to supervisory capture (e.g., possible transfers from banks to supervisors that cancel out in welfare terms).21.21
The paper characterizes the effort and the liquidation decisions of the supervisor, and shows that supervision will be more intense the lower the costs of supervisory effort and the lower the supervisory bias against liquidation.
Second, with negative sign, the costs of supervisory efforts.
end{aligned} Open image in new window Fig. 8 Linking liquidation costs to supervisory responsabilities.
The costs of supervisory visits to each clinic was about RMB150 Yuan per visit and the cost of implementing revised management regulations and local incentive polices were low and absorbed with routine activities.
He is keen to raise family allowances, wants wages up to boost domestic demand, and favours heavier petrol taxes (which Mr Schröder, a member of Volkswagen's supervisory board, fears could cost jobs).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com