Research on the effectiveness of supervision is increasing; it focuses generally on risk supervision regimes 28 30 and the effects of enforcement and surveyor styles.
We propose that the effectiveness of supervision can be further improved if supervising officers are able to integrate practices which promote psychological protective factors in addition to managing risk of further offending.
It may, for instance, add to the understanding of the functioning and effectiveness of supervision: in an extensive literature review Kilminster and Jolly (2000) highlight supervision relationship, feedback, and trainee control over the supervisory process and finding sufficient time for supervision as the most important features of effective supervision.
While it is difficult to be certain of the long-term effectiveness of supervision activities in low-income contexts due to limited published evidence, supervision from higher to lower levels of the health service is widely recommended as a mechanism for supporting staff and ensuring quality of care [ 16]. 'Supervision' is an ill-defined, complex activity [ 17].
Overall international PhD students express a high degree of satisfaction with their courses, although there are concerns about the quality and effectiveness of supervision, working space available to research students and help provided in designing research projects.
Based on one case, this study cannot offer conclusions regarding the effectiveness of supervision through the humanized support approach.
Interviews with stakeholders from the NTF revealed that the majority of the task force members supported the general idea of SHI, but they felt that the plan lacked clarity with regard to efficiency, effectiveness, and supervision.
Increased teaching in specialty fields and general medicine was requested by nine junior medical officers to expand professional support and guidance required to maximise the effectiveness of supervision via videoconference.
Since supervisory relationships are often long-term and have the potential to impact on lifelong careers, and potentially thousands of clients treated over that time, it is essential that we gain a more in-depth understanding of the processes involved and how to improve the effectiveness of supervision.
Experience with HIV/AIDS treatment scale-up (40 ) could provide useful lessons for a standardized approach to management of hypertension and diabetes, thereby enhancing cost-effectiveness; facilitating supervision, monitoring, and evaluation; and ensuring accountability.
