They should be stacked like oranges at a supermarket (with a packing density of 74 percent), and that is what Johannes Kepler conjectured in 1611.
This study examined change in neighbourhood takeaway food outlet density and supermarket access over time and with respect to 2001 area-level deprivation in the UK.
With the highest density of supermarkets (over 10,000) in the world (Taiwan Today 2014), payment is convenient in Taiwan.
Additionally, density of supermarkets and hypermarkets, density of mini markets, grocery stores and warehouses, density of healthy food outlets (stores and open-air markets specialized in selling FV), density of restaurants and density of unhealthy food outlets (bars, snack bar and food trucks/trailers) were used.
In sensitivity analyses, we assessed whether results would change had we: 1) used a complete case analysis (i.e., excluding participants missing race/ethnicity and income information); 2) included an indicator for self-reported BMI; 3) modeled BMI as a continuous rather than a dichotomous outcome; and 4) not double weighted the supermarkets in our kernel density measure.
For instance, in research on the built food environment, exposures typically include distance measures such as proximity to the nearest supermarket (6) or count or density measures such as number of supermarkets per square mile in a 1-mile (1.6-km) buffer around a residence (3) or within a census tract (1).
Over the study period, supermarkets increased in number from 31 40, a 29% increase, and average density increased from 0.2 (SD=0.8) to 0.3 (supermarketsrmarkets per 10,000 residents.
This association was robust to additional adjustment for population density, SES, distance to a large supermarket, and distance to a recreation area, although slightly attenuated (Table 2).
Density of BMI-healthy food outlets (supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets, and natural food stores) was inversely associated with BMI.
Although our prior work found that high deprivation rural neighborhoods (CBG) had better relative potential access to a supermarket than other neighborhoods and neighborhoods of low population density had worse access [ 51], this study found no statistically significant relationship (unadjusted or adjusted) of either neighborhood deprivation or population density to fruit and vegetable intake.
