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The finishing of the leather may mask small and very superficial grain damage.
This weakening may cause superficial grain loss during the tanning process.
The findings on dyed crust leather with small areas of superficial grain loss were similar to those described by [ 17].
The light microscopic examination showed superficial grain loss and a irregular fibre base in the affected areas as compared with the intact grain in the surrounding tissues (Fig. 3).
The exact tanning method was not described by Rotz et al. The liming in the beginning of the tanning process, when hairs and epidermis are removed, are probably the most important stage that may cause superficial grain loss.
Both light microscopic examination of sections of tanned hide with light flecks and spots and scanning electron microscopy of the same defects showed superficial grain loss and craters with a irregular fibre base encircled by smooth and intact grain.
Similar(54)
Aging occurs through an uncontrolled slow transformation of superficial grains from tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase in contact with water.
Inside the stone discontinuities (small superficial cracks and partially eroded grain boundaries) some residues of soil dust and particulate matter are still present and can be identified by the smaller and irregular morphology of the crystals.
Grain size measurements of superficial sediment revealed that stations P and Q contained coarse sand whereas station R displayed medium size sand (Table 1).
The scanning electron microscopy examination of a single spot showed grain loss and a superficial crater with a irregular fiber base encircled by smooth and intact grain (Fig. 4 and 5).
The film deposited by the galvanostatic method displayed more homogeneous grain geometry and a larger superficial area than those formed by the other methods.
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