Exact(2)
After stimulation with superficial electrodes, both R1 components were absent (a, left; b, right), while both R2 components were normal (asterisks; latencies ranged from 35.4 to 41.0 ms).
Superficial electrodes and a Cyberglove were used to record the arm muscle activity and the finger joints during reach-to-grasp motions.
Similar(58)
PNS conveys its effects by the electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves branches either sub- or percutaneously with implantable devices, or transcutaneously via superficial skin electrodes linked to external neurostimulators.
During electrical stimulation with surface electrodes, superficial tibialis anterior muscle, which accounts for approximately 60% of physiological cross-sectional area of dorsiflexors [31], was supposed to be the only muscle activated.
The plantar muscle H- and M-waves were recorded using a pair of superficial silver silver chloride electrodes applied to the sole and dorsum of the hind paw.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to determine the superficial composition of the electrodes and demonstrated the presence of Sn4+ in all the samples.
In the second experiment (Figure 8C) we recorded from 7 cortical locations spanning the V2 LPZ border (5 inside, 2 outside the V2 LPZ), at two cortical depths per electrode (one superficial, one deep separated by ∼500 µm).
On smooth nickel the oxidation of methanol is strongly inhibited by the superficial oxides whereas on nickel zinc electrodes superficial oxides are easier to reduce.
Vertebral alignment was measured using fluoroscopy and muscle activity was recorded using surface and indwelling electrodes in eight superficial and deep neck muscles.
Even though random electrode displacements have been reported to not have much effect on EEG source localization (Wang and Gotman 2001), here when we shifted the simulated electrode positions in one direction we observed up to 12-mm localization errors that were largest for superficial dipoles closest to the electrode positions.
The electrode technologies applied to the superficial and distal CNS are similar to the electrodes described for the PNS.
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