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Sparse coding is best conceived of as an exemplar-based approach [21] in which unknown inputs are coded as positive (weighted) sums of items in an exemplar dictionary.
Most particularly, we used weighted sums of items, rather than more commonly used IQ scores.
Scores range from 0 to 23, reflecting a simple unweighted sums of items endorsed by the respondent.
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The sums of item scores within each of the 5 categories were used as quantitative traits for genetic association analyses using the genotype data reported by Wang et al. [9].
Subscale scores are also sums of item ratings for the 12 theoretically developed domains.
Once we had verified the unidimensionality of the internet digital competences scale, we calculated a global variable from the sum of items: "Degree of digital competence" (0 54).
UPDRS-III score was subdivided into an axial score (sum of items 18, 19, 22 and 27 30) that evaluates symptoms such as dysarthria or postural instability [22].
When presented with two trays, each tray containing two separate sets of food items, chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys select the greater total, indicating that they consider the sum of items [25] [27].
The scores from each category were added to form three scores: inattentive score (sum of items 1 to 9), hyperactive/impulsive score (sum of items 10 to 18) and total score (sum of items 1 to 18).
The HSCL total score is the sum of items divided by the number of items answered.
The score, ranging from 0 to 23, reflect a sum of items experienced by the patient.
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