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Exact(7)
(sum (cdot)) denotes the summation operation.
indicates the probability of the summation operation being in phase.
All these methods use the summation operation which fulfills the requirements (9)–(11).
where sum denotes the summation operation, and max and min denote taking maximum and minimum operation, respectively.
Therefore, the mechanism achieving differential privacy must include a way to protect the summation operation by using a secure aggregation scheme, e.g., as described in section Multi-resolution secure aggregation.
i.e., the stratum variance Q h for each stratum h is the average of the stratum variance Q hj for each time stamp j ranging from 1 to T. An alternative to the summation operation is to use dissimilarity measures.
Similar(53)
In this case, a total of multiplication and summation operations are needed to calculate the BER for each combining scheme.
The approach was further improved by reformulating the simulation formulas where the order in which the summation operations are executed is imposed.
For GP, its product operation can be easily converted to the summation operations of logarithm, written as log-sum-exp function.
Since the BP detector is typically implemented in the log domain, the majority of its complexity is due to the many summation operations which must be performed [1].
In a constellation with m bits per modulated symbol, 2 m Euclidean distances, and 2 m a priori LLR summation operations are needed.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com