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Health benefits were reduced morbidity (during an episode on the intensive care unit) and reduced mortality owing to avoided infections, 34 summarised by changes in quality adjusted life years (QALYs).
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Absolute changes were summarised by mean and s.d. and their statistical significance was assessed by Wilcoxon test for paired samples.
Absolute changes were summarised by mean and standard deviation, and their statistical significance was assessed using the Wilcoxon test for paired samples.
Log transformation was performed for the relative changes obtained, and these were summarised by geometric mean and standard deviation.
Relative changes were converted to logarithms and summarised by geometric mean and s.d.
Additionally, the items 'the intention not to change the practice' and 'the willingness to recommend the practice for friends' were summarised by mean and accumulated the factor III ('intention not to change the practice').
Cude (2001) suggests that all HI values be summarised by their geometric mean, as this is more sensitive to changes in individual variables than the arithmetic mean.
Baseline characteristics and change in HbA1c over 3 years were summarised by CVD outcome, using percentages, means (SD) and medians (interquartile ranges).
Change in opinions after the legislation were summarised by averaging these numbers to produce a 'mean shift' parameter; in each case, the sign was arranged to be positive for a change in attitude more favourable to anti-smoking legislation.
Proof of principle was measured by change from baseline to three and six months on CPAQ Total score, summarised by point estimated and 95%% confidence intervals.
The sentiment was summarised by a respondent who said: 'Just to round it up, yes there will be a change, yes they all talk bullshit and no, it will virtually stay the same there will just be a change of government'.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com