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More than two-thirds of this sum stems from 100 large cities (see chart; roll over bubbles to see data, click on key to remove regions, crop portion to zoom in).In some of the least affordable cities, such as Lagos and Mumbai, the affordability gap exceeds 10% of local GDP, meaning that people overstretch their salaries to pay for housing and forgo other things, be it savings or basic needs.
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The capital cost is obtained by summing up individual equipment (distillation column, heat exchangers, and compressor) costs, and the operation cost is equal to utility costs, i.e., the amount stemming from the sum of electricity (16.81$/GJ), low pressure steam (7.72$/GJ) and cooling water (0.354$/GJ) costs for a year assuming 8000 operating hours.
The Chamber's power as a lobbying force stems from the outrageous sums of money they're willing and able to spend to advance policies that can only be described as anti-working people.
Their magic stems from the ability to invest "float," large sums of interest-free money that can be invested pending a future payout.
The charge stems from allegations brought by Constand, who settled a civil case against Cosby for an undisclosed sum in 2006.
The Serbian government's struggle to find the proper balance between these two imperatives stems from conflict between policymakers - such as Jeremic -- who see foreign policy as a zero-sum game, and those who believe in mutually beneficial relationships.
This stems from two trends.
Such caution stems from history.
It stems from self-doubt.
Racism stems from ignorance.
Everything stems from that.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com