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For each individual, a social vulnerability index was constructed using the sum of the deficit scores, yielding a theoretical range of 0 40 in the CSHA and 0 23 in the NPHS.
A FI score was calculated for each individual by dividing the sum of the deficit scores by the number of deficits measured, to create continuous values between 0 (no deficits present) and 1 (all deficits present).
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Compare this vast sum to the deficits of all 50 states this year, which amount to $200 billion.
To allow better comparison between the datasets, each with a different number of social deficits, the social vulnerability index was also calculated as a proportion of the total number of deficit items by dividing the sum of deficit scores by the number of deficits considered (40 in the CSHA and 23 in the NPHS), yielding an index with a theoretical range of 0 1.
It also anticipates program cuts that, by 2004-5, will be worth more than $200 million a year -- a modest sum in light of the deficit and Mr. Pataki's history of trying to make much deeper cuts in health care expenses.
As for the debt, it's nothing more than the sum total of all the deficits accumulated over time).
The combined POD was calculated by dividing the sum of the frequency of deficit, excess and normal rainfall years by the total model years (10/20).
This increased China's trade surplus in 2005 by $75 billion and reduced the sum of deficits reported by the rest of the world by $140 billion, so the discrepancy between the two figures fell from over $300 billion to $90 billion.Much of the remaining gap probably reflects disguised capital flows rather than a deliberate ploy by Beijing to understate its trade surplus.
An index score was created for each individual simply as the sum of all deficits present divided by the total number of variable considered.
The IMF reckons that gross government financing needs (defined as the sum of budget deficits and funds required to roll over debt that matures in the course of the year) for rich countries will rise to 27% of their combined GDP in 2011 from 25.8% of their output last year.
As far as we can tell, the dispute involves fundamental questions, like the size of the initial lump sum to cover the deficit.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com