We divided the sums of publications for all countries by the total numbers of world publications (obtained without searching any country name in the "Affiliation" field, see Methods section), in the same time periods.
In both cases, normalization of the citation values is completed at the group level after summing the world averages that correspond to the selected publications with respect to the publication type, age, and journal (for the JCS) or subject area (for the FCS) and then dividing it by the number of citations for the set of publications.
Therefore, the sum of the publication number for the positive and negative result might be higher than the total number of publications.
Cumulative sums of the numbers of publications on randomized controlled trials and total sample population studied were computed by country and city.
The research output score is the sum of grant points (g), publication points (p) and PhD supervision points (s): R = g + p + s For simplicity, these variables are given equal weighting, although obviously other weighting schemes could be used, as required.
However, Zhang (2009) notes that the g-index is not (meaningfully) defined for all possible constellations and in particular not if the sum of the citations of all publications (i.e. of all possible rankings) is greater than the square of the last ranking.
The sum of investments across 1997 2010 was divided by the number of publications or citations from 1997 2013.
North-Central America and Europe were the continents with the greatest number of publications, representing 35.5% and 33.7% of the total numbers of publications (sum of all the countries), respectively.
Thus, the total cost of journal publication was a sum of the cost of printing and cost of distribution.
Citation lists of publications were also searched for additional publications.
