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Purified total scores were used as the matching variable (i.e., sum of item scores other than the 3 studied items) to avoid the confounding effect due to DIF contamination conditions.
There are also item discrimination (the degree to which each item distinguishes person abilities), item information (an item is so specifically designed that it would be appropriate for information we want to derive about one's ability based on that item), and test information (the sum of item information or how the test discriminates ability levels).
Scores are computed as the sum of item responses, ranging from 10 to 40.
Bundle β is simply the sum of item β for each of the bundle items [ 41].
Three scoring options for combining item responses in the final model were evaluated: 1) total sum of item responses, 2) dichotomous variable for each item, and 3) weighted sum of item responses.
The QoLS-N is a 16-item scale reported as a single sum of item scores ranging from 16 112 points; higher scores indicating better QoL.
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Once we had verified the unidimensionality of the internet digital competences scale, we calculated a global variable from the sum of items: "Degree of digital competence" (0 54).
UPDRS-III score was subdivided into an axial score (sum of items 18, 19, 22 and 27 30) that evaluates symptoms such as dysarthria or postural instability [22].
When presented with two trays, each tray containing two separate sets of food items, chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys select the greater total, indicating that they consider the sum of items [25] [27].
Summary scores represented the sum of item-level response scores, with higher scores indicating poorer QoL.
The scores from each category were added to form three scores: inattentive score (sum of items 1 to 9), hyperactive/impulsive score (sum of items 10 to 18) and total score (sum of items 1 to 18).
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