If risk factors work through alternative pathways then the expectation of the simplest model predicting the rate of the outcome when both risk factors are present would be the sum of the increments when each was present singly – an additive model.
According to the central limit theorem, the sum of such increments along a branch b of length t b is probabilistically distributed according to a normal density with mean zero and variance t b σ, a density which we denote ϕ(b2− b1; t b σ).
In this scanning, each simulation uses a different sample which is selected through the sum of the increment step (coarse_step) with the previous sample value, such that the first sample corresponds to the first value of TW present in the initial interval.
The sums of variance increments attributed to all selected coping variables ranged from 7.4 to 37%.
The relative frequencies of these forms of natural selection along with neutral drift are expected to generate — for sums of evolutionary increments over long periods of time — limit distributions with heavier tails than expected under the Brownian motion model.
The weighted cumulative exposure metric Z represents the sum of weighted exposure increments accrued through age a. Leukemia incidence rates increase approximately as a function of age to the fourth power, suggesting a process of carcinogenesis that involves five stages (Little et al. 1992; Ries et al. 2003).
The ER was determined the same way as in a previous publication (Michilsens et al., 2011): (3) Where ΣΔ+ is the sum of the positive increments of energy (i.e. the increases in energy over each time-step of 0.02 s), Ep is gravitational potential energy (J), EK is translational kinetic energy (J) and Etot is the sum of Ep and Ek, resulting in the total mechanical energy (J) (Bertram and Chang, 2001).
The application presents unusual difficulties in that the compositions of the phases are not measured directly and the total quantity of one component is only measured as the sum of a series of increments.
and, if the increments are small enough, the sum over a number of increments is a good approximation of the true strain.
The final free energy for moving from E REF and E TARGET is taken as a sum of all free-energy increments: (9) Δ G λ n + 1 = ∑ m = 1 n δG λ m → λ m + 1.
