In sum, the efficacy of tiotropium versus usual care was modelled as a lowering of the risk of exacerbations (Table 3) and as a delay in the overall progression of COPD (Table 2).
Our findings suggest that DTZ-loaded spray-dried chitosan microspheres formulation could be used as a promising approach for intranasal administration which, in sum, improves therapeutic efficacy of the formulation.
The latter comprised the sum of self-efficacy for managing the general demands of chronic disease.
Table 4 Regression analysis predicting learning performance from self-efficacy for English Predictors Sum of square t Self-efficacy for English 6.88 (0.35) 2.15* Grouping for self-efficacy for mobile devices 4.89 (0.15) 0.91 Total R 2 0.11 F value 2.35 *p < .05.05
Groups were compared using Student's t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for quantitative efficacy criteria, and Pearson's χ2 or Fisher's exact test for qualitative efficacy criteria.
To assess the efficacy, the sum of pain intensity differences (SPID) and the total pain relief (TOTPAR) were calculated.
When exit events, withdrawal due to treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), and withdrawal due to lack of efficacy were summed (n = 90), the predicted exit percentage (32.3%; 95% CI 26.8 37.8%) was also lower than the historical control.
Psychological resources: Comprised summing of self-efficacy score (best score was less than an original score of 11), best optimism score (of less than an original score of 6), plus GHQ-12 items on sense of purpose: playing useful part; coping: facing up to problems, overcoming difficulties; self-esteem: feels has self-confidence and has self-worth.
Drug combinations are synergistic when their combined efficacy exceeds the sum of the individual actions, but they rarely include ineffective drugs that become effective only in combination.
Ten items are answered on a four-point scale, with higher sum scores indicating higher self-efficacy.
The primary efficacy assessment was the sum of pain intensity differences at 30 min (SPID30) postdose.
