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Winter fuel payments, which are a £100 to £300 tax-free sum, cost the government £2bn a year and all the main parties have acknowledged further cuts will need to be made after the next election in order to reduce the budget deficit.
This theory asserts that, an organization may outsource even when it has the wherewithal to execute the activity itself if and only if the sum cost carrying out the activity by an outside vendor including contract processing cost is lower than the cost of carrying out the activity in house.
Since a large proportion of the cost is from the frame structure and the installation, a big reduction of the sum cost can be acquired by directing the farmer to build and install the frame structure using cheap raw material such as concrete.
This can be explained in part because the sum cost of ECV and subsequent vaginal delivery is similar to the cost of conducting a scheduled cesarean.
Due to a lack of quantifiable resource use data, a lump sum cost per severity stage for COPD management and exacerbations was used in the model (Table 2).
Let d p, q = || t(p) − q|| and let M[ i, j; k] denote the minimum squared sum cost of k pair matches for the point sets (p1, p2,..., p i ) and (q1, q2,..., q j ).
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To quantify per capita costs within the social security system, we added LTCI and SHI expenditures and labelled the sum costs of formal care.
Porter and Teisberg argue that the current health care system encourages competition at the wrong level -- among health plans, networks and hospital groups -- which just leads to zero-sum cost shifting.
The existing optimization algorithms mostly combine objectives into a weighted-sum cost function and solve the corresponding single-objective problem.
Decisions on training Following Berton and Garibaldi (2012) again, we consider the possibility that firms may be able to return to high productivity in the aftermath of an adverse shock by paying a lump-sum cost T in the form of training.
The results assume a one time, lump-sum cost of achieving the functional standards and that the gap between 2002 child participation and 95% child participation will be closed linearly.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com